Selasa, 18 Juni 2013

SPORT ANNOUNCER TALK


Sport announcer talk
When people describe a sporting event, the language they use is quite clearly distinguishable from language used in other context. The most obvious distinguishing feature is generally the vocabulary.  But the grammar is equally distinctive. The talk of sports announcers is known by ‘play-by-play’ description: it focuses on the action, and is characterized by telegraphic grammar which involves syntactic reduction and the inversion of normal word order in sentences. As opposed to ‘colour commentary’ it focuses on people, with heavy and long modifications or descriptions of nouns. In both types of commentary, as well as in the ‘state of the play’ score or summary, sport announcers make extensive use of linguistic formulas and routines.
Syntactic Reduction
Sport announcers often omit the subject noun or pronoun. For example, the verb (be) and the subjects (he) or (it) are omitted. The omitted parts are predicted in the context. The referent is unambiguous.
Example:  
From Baseball or Cricket commentaries.
a.     [it] bounced to second base
b.     [it’s] a breaking ball outside
c.     [he’s a] guy who’s pressure player
d.     Mc. Catty [is] in difficulty
e.     Tucker [is] taking a few ah stuttering steps down the wicket from the bowler’s end but Waugh [is] sending him back 
Syntactic Inversion
Reversal or inversion of the normal word order is another feature of sports announcer talk. The device allows the announcer to foreground or focus on the action the action and provides him or her with time to identify the subject of the action – an important piece of information for listeners.
Example: 
From Baseball or Cricket commentaries.
a.     In comes Ghouri
b.     And all set again is Pat Haden
c.     On deck is big Dave Winfield
d.     Pete goes to the right field and back for it goes Jackson


Heavy Noun Modification
Example: 
From Baseball or Cricket commentaries.
a.        David Winfield, the 25 million dollar man, who is hitting zero, five, six in this world series.
b.       First-base umpire Larry Barnett
c.        This much sough-after and very expensive fast bowler.
People rather than action are the focus or interest at certain points during the sports announcer’s spiel. When this is the case, the subject nouns which are the focus of interest are often heavily modified both after the noun as in [a] and before the nouns as in [b] and [c].
Routine and formulas
An interesting feature of sport comment, that include race calling. It is the use of routine reduced the memory burden on the speaker. The formulas involve a small number of fixed syntactic patterns and a narrow range of lexical items.
Example:
a.        A little wider on the track the favorite race ruler
Twilight time is in behind those breaking up behind is Noodlum’s Fella
and he went down
and one tipped out was My Dalrae
b.       El red the leader by two lengths from Speedy Cheval
the favourite race Ruler parked on the outside
followed by Florlis Fella
Twilight Time’s up against the rail
In this case information about the sports even is given or conveyed formulaically (in pre-determined formulas).  The whole of the play-by-play commentary- the description of the race while it is in progress- is constructed in this way.
So in horse races for example, we have a start formula, and a horse locator formula. These formulas indicate information about the start and the position of the horses.
Example of start formula:
And they’re away (or off) (and racing now)
Example of The horse locator formula:
(horse’s name) wide out on the outside (horse’s name)
Finally, the sound patterns of race calling are distinctive, use particular intonation patterns. Pauses and hesitations are not acceptable in sports commentary. The commentator must sound fluent and fast. The use of formulas allows for giving information with the minimum demand on short term memory. Sports commentators must also maintain the drama of the action. That is why they use volume and intonation. 

Conclusion
           People’s speech reflects not only aspects of their identity such as their ethnicity, age, gender, and social background; it also reflects the contexts in which they are using the language. The way people talk in court, in school, at business meetings and at graduation ceremonies reflect the formality of those context and the social roles people take in them.
We use more relaxed language at home with those we know well. When we talk differently to babies and adults, or to people from different social background, we are adapting or accommodating our language to our audience.
Style, Context and Register is continuity. So, if we only discuss one of them, such as Context or Style, the understanding will not occur. In this chapter is concerned with language users and to whom that language users use language. Automatically, it can be seen the context and style registers in the talks. Actually, the understanding about the context and style has already in our activity, so we have just improved it well by learning from the environment and education. Variations in language, which is a variation of the diversity of backgrounds and languages. So, people will absorb the language of others who are considered attractive, but still within the scope of understanding.


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